翻阅Passage40原文

    1）It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. 2）Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex… into public industry.” Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization’s effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s lives.

    Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-end” jobs, thenceforth considered“women’s work”. 3）The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

[FS:PAGE]    Women’s work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. 4）Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the industrial revolution: the segregation of occupations by sex, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.

    翻阅passage40长难句分析

    人们经常这样设想(assume)，工作的机械化(mechanization)对操作(operate)新机器者的生活产生了革命性的(revolutionary)影响(effect)，并且对引进(introduce)机械化生产模式的社会(society)也产生了革命性的影响。比如，有人暗示，工业部门雇佣(employment)范畴(sphere)，从根本上改变(alter)了她们在社会上的地位(position)。19世纪，当女性开始进入(enter)工厂时，法国政治家朱利斯-西蒙就警告说，通过进工厂工作，女性会抛弃她们的女性气质。不过弗雷德里奇-恩格斯预言(predict)，“技术的(technological)进步(development)会把女性从社会的(social)、法定的(legal)以及家庭中的经济(economic)从属(subordination)地位中解放(liberate)出来，使雇佣所有女性进入公共(public)产业成为可能。”因此，在有关(concern)机械化效应的社会期望(desirability)问题上，观察人士的意见并不一致(differ)，但是，她们一致认为(agree)，机械化会改变(transform)女性的生活。

    如今，历史学家，特别是哪些研究(investigate)女性史的历史学家，对这种转换(transform)力量的设想(assumption)提出了严肃的质疑(question)。她们总结说(conclude)，像多轴纺纱机、缝纫机、打字机以及真空吸尘器这些引人注目的(dramatic)技术革新(innovation)并没有导致(result in)女性的经济地位或女性工作的流行(prevailing)评价(evaluation)产生同样引人注目的社会变化。工业(industrial)革命(revolution)时期，纺纱厂(mill)雇用年轻女性，这在很大程度上是雇佣年轻的诞生女性当佣人的一种更古老模式(pattern)的延伸(extension)。这不是办公室技术(technology)上的变革，而是文秘(secretarial)工作的分离(separation)——以前，文秘工作被当做初级经历的实习(apprenticeship)工作，是从管理(administrative)工作中的分离——这种工作在19世纪80年代创造(create)了一种新的“无前途”工作，从那时起，这种工作被认为(consider)是“这跟家务劳动(housework)机械化以及这些女性的休闲(leisure)时间增多没有什么关系，它跟女性的经济需要(necessity)以及高结婚率(rate)有关系——高结婚率减少(shrink)了可用的单身女性工人的人数，以前，在许多情况下，单身女性才是雇主(employer)愿意雇佣(hire)的女性。

    过去两百年中，女性的工作发生了很大的变化，她们 家庭，到办公室或工厂工作，后来，她们多办成了白领而不是蓝领阶层。然而，从根本上来说，自工业革命前以来，女性的工作环境(condition)几乎没有什么改变——工作中根据性别(gender)实行的隔离、女性整体更低的工资、从事的工作技能(skill)要求(require)较低、几乎没有给予女性升迁(advancement)的机会(opportunity)等这些情况都依然存在(persist)，但是，社会仍然(remain)苛求(demand)女性从事家务劳动。最近进行的调查(investigation)导致(lead to)人们对这种观念(notion)作了较大的(major)更正(revision)——从其对社会产生的影响来说，技术在本质上总是革命性的。机械化甚至可能减缓了女性在劳动力(labor)市场(market)和家庭中传统地位的任何变化。

    翻阅passage39长难句分析

    1)It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced.

    【解析】主句：it is assumed that。it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句，其中有一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰the lives，还有一个由into which 引导的定语从句，修饰the society。

    【参考译文】人们经常这样设想，工作的机械化对操作新机器的生活产生了革命性的影响，并且对引进机器的社会也产生了革命性的影响。

    2)Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex… into public industry.”

    【解析】主句是Fredrich Engels predicted that...，however是插入语，第一个that引导的宾语从句;第二个that引导的是定语从句，修饰developments，其中有一个make+宾语+形容词结构，由于the recruitment of the who female sex into public industry太长，所以只能放在possible之后。subordination应译为从属地位;recruitment应译为征募。

    【参考译文】不过，弗雷德里奇-恩格斯预言，“技术的进步会把女性从社会的、法定的以及家庭中的经济从属地位中解放出来，使雇佣所有女性进入公共产业成为可能。

    3)The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

    【解析】主句“The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with...”。分词短语“employed outside the home”修饰married women”. than引导的是比较赚语从句，其中有一个由and链接的并列宾语，一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰rates; previously之后的成分是在补充说明single women workers,其中有一个省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰women。have little to do with“与....没有什么关系”。

    【参考译文】20世纪，被雇佣在家庭之外工作的已婚女性人数增加，这跟家务劳动机械化以及这些女性的休闲时间增多没有说明关系，它跟女性的经济需要以及高结婚率有关系——高结婚率减少了可用的诞生女性工人的人数，以前，在许多情况下，单身女性才是雇主愿意雇佣的女性。

    4)Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the industrial revolution: the segregation of occupations by sex, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding.

    【解析】主句the conditions under which women work have changed little 。“under which”引导的定语从句修饰“conditions”;“since”引导的是转折关系句子。segregation译为“隔离”。

    【参考译文】然而，从根本上来说，自工业革命前以来，女性的工作环境几乎没有什么改变——工作中根据性别实行的隔离、女性整体更低的工资、从事的工作技能要求较低、几乎没有给予女性省钱的机会等这些情况都依然存在，但是，社会仍然苛求女性从事家务劳动。