阅读passage45原文
　　
    In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, specialinterest groups, and opinion leaders.

    Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as whitecollar, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of fulltime homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one's view of current events.

    The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to" follow the headlines."1) Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions.

    The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of pubic issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Today's elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D.Roosevelt and his "fireside chats," presidents have appealed directly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs.

    Special groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. 2)Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens' organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power. During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of medicate.

    Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, show business personalities, and celebrity athletes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population.3) Some individuals, such as Nobel prizewinners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues.

    阅读passage45译文

[FS:PAGE]    在一个民主社会，公民被孤立针对公职竞选、税收、宪法的修正、环境问题、外交政策以及其他事务去发表直接的观点。任何人所持的观点都受到好几个因素的印象和制约：个体状况、大众媒体、特殊利益群体以及舆论意见领袖。

    对于社会问题，富人往往和穷人的想法不一样。工厂里的工人可能同白领、不属于公会的工人观点不同。受雇于家庭之外的女性有时和专职家庭主妇的观点不一样。在这些方面以及其他方面，个体的状况决定了他对时事的看法。

    大众媒体，尤其是电视，对人们的思维和行为模式产生了巨大的影响。政府官员关注的是普通大众的观点如何“受新闻报道的影响”。无论报纸杂志和电视播报什么内容都会吸引人们足够的主意，他们开始了解这些内容，并且开始表达自己的观点。

    与之前相比，大众媒体也为政府带来了更多的观众，引发了更广发的公共问题。在出现电视和全国发行的报纸之前，社会问题和精选活动往往局限在地方。比如，在英国和前联邦德国(西德)，选民过去常常把国家立法机关的选举看做是地方精选活动。如今的选举被看做是正当领袖与施政纲领之间的角逐。在美国，无线广播和电视的言论一直对总统有利，从富兰克林D.罗斯福和他的“炉边闲谈”时期以来，总统已经越过议会议长，直接诉诸于全国的听众，宣传自己的施政纲领。

    特殊利益群体每年都花大量的金钱尽量影响公众舆论。比如，公用事业部门尽量左右公众舆论，以便支持兴建核电站，市民组织反对兴建核电站，这些组织到处游说，希望取缔核能的使用。20世纪60年代，美国医疗协会掀起了一场广告宣传活动，企图组织医疗保障方案的通过，但是没有取得成功。

    舆论引导者通常是政治家、娱乐界人士以及著名运动员这样的著名公众人物。这些人的意见，无论是否有见解、是否明智，都会影响某些公众。有些人，比如诺贝尔奖获得者，会突然通过媒体出现在公众面前;通过迅速接近大量的观众(听众)，他们的意见有了被人了解的机会，并且可能影响人们对复杂问题的观点。

    阅读passage45长难句分析

    1) Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions.

    【解析】主句：Whatever is featured attracts enough attention…。Whatever引导的是主语从句;in newspapers…短语做状语;that引导的是attention的同位语从句。Feature应译为播报;inform themselves应译为使自己了解…

    【译文】无论报纸杂志和电视播报什么内容都会引起人们足够的主意，他们开始了解这些内容，并且开始表达自己的观点。

    2) Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens' organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power.

    【解析】主句是Public utilities tried to sway public opinion… opposed to them were citizens' organizations。For instance是插入语;in favor of修饰opinion;that引导的定语从句修饰organizations。 Sway应译为左右;opinion应译为舆论;halt译为取缔;

    【译文】比如，公用事业部门尽量左右公众舆论，以便支持兴建核电站，市民组织反对兴建核电站，这些组织到处游说，希望取缔核能的使用。

[FS:PAGE]    3) Some individuals, such as Nobel prizewinners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues.

    【解析】主句是Some individuals, such as Nobel prizewinners, are suddenly thrust into public view…;their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential…。Such as插入语，举例说明individuals;by quickly reaching短语做状语;in shaping短语做状语。Thrust into译为出现;gain a hearing译为被人了解的机会。

    【译文】有些人，比如诺贝尔奖获得者，会突然通过媒体出现在公众面前;通过迅速接近大量的观众(听众)，他们的意见有了被人了解的机会，并且可能影响人们对复杂问题的观点。